Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Exercise on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Literature Review

PURPOSE: Smoking often causes acute and chronic cardiovascular disorders. Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability, changes the extracellular matrix, impairing arterial stiffness. However, regular physical activity cessation significantly rapidly reverse detrimental effects. This narrative review summarizes relevant research that describes impacts of cigarette on system demonstrates therapeutic or preventative roles exercise in smoking-associated stiffness.METHODS: We used scientific search engines, including PubMed, Web Science, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, to identify previous studies exploring effects smoking, exercise, stiffness.RESULTS: discussed most important and/or preventive decreasing Most have demonstrated increase were negatively associated. this relationship was attenuated reversed during adult interventions. In addition, stiffness.CONCLUSIONS: risk disease. deteriorates stiffness by altering vascular walls. can improve prevent impaired